Changes in tax policies that benefit the wealthy and large corporations have been a key driver of America’s skyrocketing inequality. While a relative few at the top have gained enormous economic and political clout, the squeeze on public revenue has undercut much-needed public investments and services that benefit ordinary Americans. Reversing that trajectory will require an overhaul of our tax code to ensure everyone pays their fair share.
Individual Taxes
Corporate and Wall Street Taxes
Individual Taxes
Tax rate hikes at the top were an effective tool in reversing the extreme inequality of the “Gilded Age.” Under high top rates in the post-WWII decades, the share of national income flowing to the richest 0.1 percent fell significantly. When policymakers once again slashed those rates, beginning in the 1960s and accelerating in the 1980s, inequality shot back up. According to Professor Emmanuel Saez, the richest 0.1 percent of Americans pocketed 10.84 percent of total U.S. income in 2018, a level not seen since 1929. Contrary to the arguments of tax hike opponents, real U.S. GDP grew faster in the 1950s and 1960s than in more recent decades. The subsequent decade with the highest growth rate was the 1990s — after Congress enacted moderate top tax rate increases.
In the United States, wealth inequality is even more severe than income inequality, and the reduction in the top income tax rate has been a key factor. According to Institute for Policy Studies analysis of data collected by Saez and fellow economist Gabriel Zucman, the share of U.S. taxes paid by the top .01 percent was just slightly higher in 2018 than in 1962, despite the more than tripling of their share of the nation’s wealth. By contrast, the bottom 50 percent saw their share of U.S. wealth drop by more than half during this period. The top marginal tax rate in 1962 was 91 percent, compared to 37 percent in 2018.
Institute for Policy Studies analysis adds further evidence of the direct connection between tax policy and extreme wealth concentration. The rate of taxation of America’s richest .01 percent of households, as a percentage of their wealth, decreased by over 83 percent between 1953 and 2018. The decline in this relative tax rate accelerated after 1979. Stronger minimum wage, antitrust enforcement, and unionization rates during the 1953-1979 period undoubtedly had some equalizing effect, and yet during this period it required a top tax rate four times the current rate simply to keep the wealth share of the top 0.1 percent in check.
Why do the rich pay such a small share of total U.S. taxes, relative to their great wealth? Their ability to hide money from tax collectors is one reason. Due to funding cuts, the IRS audit rates of people making more than $1 million year have plummeted. In 2022, Congress addressed this problem by increasing IRS enforcement resources through the Inflation Reduction Act. But Republicans have made repeated attempts to rescind this additional IRS funding, a move that would reduce federal revenue by an estimated $114 billion over 10 years, according to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
Beyond their ability to hide their money from the IRS, the rich benefit from the tax code’s preferential treatment of income from investments. Currently, the top marginal tax rate for the richest Americans is 37 percent, while the top rate for long-term capital gains is just 20 percent. The higher the U.S. income group, IRS data show, the larger the share of income derived from investment profits. By contrast, Americans who are not among the ultra-rich get the vast majority of their income from wages and salaries.
The rich are well-positioned to benefit from the relatively low tax rate on investment earnings because of their dominance on Wall Street. Federal Reserve data indicate that the richest 1 percent hold 54 percent and the richest 10 percent hold 89 percent of all stocks and mutual funds, leaving the bottom 90 percent with only 11 percent. Stock ownership disparities are even starker along racial lines. While 61 percent of white families owned at least some stock in 2019, only 34 percent of Black and 24 percent of Latino families did, according to the Federal Reserve.
Most state governments rely heavily on sales taxes and other regressive taxes to pay for public services. This results in the poorest families paying a larger share of their income on state and local taxes than the rich. According to a 2024 Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy report, the poorest 20 percent of Americans face an average effective state and local tax rate of 11.3 percent, while the top 1 percent’s average rate is just 7.2 percent.
States that rely most heavily on regressive sales taxes are concentrated in the southern part of the United States. Many of them – not coincidentally – also have high poverty rates. Institute for Policy Studies analysis of Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy and U.S. Census Bureau data reveals that nine states have both a poverty rate of at least 14 percent and a sales tax burden on the bottom 20 percent of income earners of at least 7 percent.
America’s richest also exploit estate tax loopholes, shell corporations, trusts, and other sophisticated methods of shielding their accumulated fortunes from taxation. This has accelerated the accumulation of wealth — and power — in the hands of a few individuals while entrenching oligarchic dynasties. According to Institute for Policy Studies research, America’s 50 wealthiest family dynasties together held $1.2 trillion in assets in 2020. By comparison, the bottom half of all U.S. households—an estimated 65 million families — shared a combined total wealth of just twice that, at $2.5 trillion. The five wealthiest dynasties (the Walton, Koch, Mars, Lauder, and Cargill-MacMillan families) saw their wealth increase by a median 2,484 percent from 1983 to 2020.
Corporate and Wall Street Taxes
America’s wealthy have also benefited enormously from the slashing of the corporate tax rate, from a peak of 52.8 percent in the 1960s to 21 percent under the 2017 Republican tax law. Windfalls from lower corporate taxes flow primarily to the rich because they own a disproportionate share of corporate stock. Corporate tax rate-cutting, combined with rampant use of offshore tax havens and other avoidance schemes, puts a strain on public budgets. The percentage of total federal revenue from corporate tax receipts dropped from 32.1 percent in 1952 to 11.4 percent in 2023, according to Office of Management and Budget data.
For decades, corporate profits as a share of the economy have been generally rising. Higher profits should lead to higher tax revenue, but they haven’t, due to corporate tax cuts and loopholes. Instead, according to Bureau of Economic Analysis data, the gap between U.S. corporate profits and corporate taxes as a share of GDP doubled between 1980 and 2022.
Republican cuts to IRS funding have made it easier for the ultra-wealthy and mega-corporations to get away with illegal accounting tricks to avoid paying their fair share of taxes. Between 2010 and 2020, audits of corporations with over $1 billion of income dropped 87 percent to a historic low of just 7 percent, according to Americans for Tax Fairness analysis. Audits of corporations with over $100 million of income dropped by 91 percent.
CEOs have a personal incentive to push for corporate tax avoidance strategies, since a significant share of the windfalls often wind up in their own pockets. According to Institute for Policy Studies analysis of Office of Management and Budget and Economic Policy Institute data, when corporate taxes made up 21.8 percent of all federal revenue in 1965, the average CEO-to-median worker pay ratio was 21 to 1. By 2022, corporate tax receipts had fallen to just 8.7 percent of federal revenue and the average pay ratio had risen to 344 to 1.
Opponents of raising the U.S. corporate tax rate often point to lower statutory rates in other large economies. But huge loopholes in the U.S. tax code have lowered the effective rate that corporations actually pay the IRS. In fact, the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy found that 55 large, profitable U.S. corporations paid zero in federal income taxes in 2020. Because of these loopholes, U.S. corporate tax revenue as a share of GDP is actually lower than in any other G7 country. By contrast, average CEO pay at large U.S. corporations is off the charts compared to their international counterparts, according to Institute for Policy Studies analysis of Willis Towers Watson data.
Raising the corporate tax rate to 28 percent would generate an estimated $858 billion over a decade. This chart compares that sum with the cost of select investments that would help meet pressing social and environmental needs.
Wall Street jobs are extremely lucrative in part because the U.S. government applies no sales tax on the buying and selling of financial market instruments. Ordinary Americans are used to paying sales taxes when they purchase a car or home, a tank of gas, or a restaurant meal. But when a Wall Street trader buys millions of dollars’ worth of stocks or derivatives, there’s no sales tax at all. This tax-free approach has also contributed to the explosion of the algorithm-based computerized trading that dominates our financial markets while adding no significant value to the real economy. Just one indicator of the disparity between these traders and low-wage workers: since 1985, the average Wall Street bonus has increased 1,217 percent. If the minimum wage had increased at that rate, it would be worth $44.12 today, instead of $7.25, according to the Institute for Policy Studies.